Presidents of the Philippines 1899 TO PRESENT

 Presidents of the Philippines who have served our nation and its people are listed from oldest to newest.
Learn as much as you can about them so that you can somewhat grasp and be guided about the devoted men and women who have contributed to enhancing Philippine history and how politics has affected us all over the past 200 years.
The political party, achievements, and awards they each received during their time as the most powerful government figure in the Philippines are listed here.

See their achievements and contribution for the Filipino people and the country.
Listed in accordance from 1869, our first ever president of the Philippines to the latest in 2022 - Ferdinand "Bongbong" Romualdez Marcos Jr. An important part of the history during the era of the official ratification of the Philippine Constitution of our country as the First Republic during the era of the declared Philippine independence. From the one who allegedly sold the Philippines to the one who continues to take for granted, the Filipino people's independence.

1. Emilio Aguinaldo - (1869–1964) - Independent Party / Katipunan
2. Manuel L. Quezon - (1878–1944) - Ncionalista
3. José P. Laurel - (1891–1959) - KALIBAPI
4. Sergio Osmeña - (1878–1961) - Nacionalista
5. Manuel Roxas - (1892–1948) - Liberal
6. Elpidio Quirino - (1890–1956) - Liberal
7. Ramon Magsaysay - (1907–1957) - Nacionalista
8. Carlos P. Garcia - (1896–1971) - Nacionalista
9. Diosdado Macapagal - (1910–1997) - Liberal
10. Ferdinand Marcos - (1917–1989) Nacionalista / KBL
11. Corazon Aquino - (1933–2009) - PDP LABAN / UNIDO
12. Fidel V. Ramos - (1928– ) - LAKAS
13. Joseph Estrada - (1937– ) - LAMP
14. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo - (1947– ) - LAKAS / KAMPI
15. Benigno Aquino III - (1960– ) - Liberal

16. Rodrigo Roa "DIGONG" Duterte - PDP LABAN

17.  Ferdinand "Bongbong" Romualdez Marcos Jr. - UNITEAM

General Emilio Aguinaldo (January 23, 1899 – April 1, 1901)

Controversially dubbed by some as the Philippine president who sold the Philippines independence, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo's symbolic face can be found in the old 5-peso bill which is no longer used in the Philippines.

You can find him in the 5-peso coin where an emblem of the Philippine flag during which the celebration of the Philippine Independence Day is celebrated can also be seen. He is also known for being the first president of the Philippines under the First Republic known in Philippine history back then as the Malolos Republic.

Contributions Achievements:

• first president of the first republic of the Philippines (R.P.)
• youngest general of the Hukbong Sandatahan in his time and also the country’s youngest president at age 28
• the longest living president who died at an old age of 94 years old
• leaders of Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan
• Pact of Biak na Bato signatory

Manuel L. Quezon (November 15, 1935 – August 1, 1944)

As the “Father of National Language” (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa in Tagalog), Manuel Luis Quezon is Philippine president known to have died of a common man's disease, tuberculosis in his last few days in Saranac Lake, New York according to a wiki biography.

Contributions and Achievements:

• first Senate president elected as one of the Philippine Presidents in his time
• won as the first president through a (nation-wide) national election
• first president under the Commonwealth
• created the National Council of Education
• initiated women’s rights in the Philippines during the Commonwealth regime
• made Tagalog / Filipino as the national language of the Philippines, hence he is called "Ama ng Pambansang Wika"
• he is in the current twenty-peso bill
• to his legacy, his name was made as the remembering name of Quezon Boulevard, Quezon Avenue, Quezon province, Quezon City, Quezon Bridge and MLQU and MLQHS respectively in Manila
• his remains still lie at the Rotonda monument in Quezon Memorial Circle.

Jose P. Laurel (October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945)

The 3rd among Philippine presidents to assume office during the era of the Japanese occupation of World War II, Jose P. Laurel is the only Filipino president in his time to have been shot outside of combat.

Contributions and Achievements:

• he organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas)
• he declared Martial Law in 1944
• his family became popular for establishing one of the pioneer universities in Manila - Lyceum of the Philippines

Sergio Osmeña (August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946)

Sergio Osmeña -  the second Philippine president and of the Commonwealth regime whose face appears in the 50-peso bill.

Contributions and Achievements:

• the oldest president to resume office, this legend is already 65 when he became president of the Philippines
• he was the first Visayan to become president of the country (wikipedia)
• he joined then US Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 starting the freedom of the Philippines from the Japanese during World War II - "Leyte Guld landing"
• it was during his regime, that the Philippine National Bank (PNB) has been rehabilitated and the country joined the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• during his time, the popular Bell Trade Act was approved by the US Congress

Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948)

He was the fifth Philippine president but was considered as the third and last president under the Commonwealth era making him the next first leader of the Third Republic of the Philippines (R.P.). Shortlived as he served for some reason, he only assumed office for a very short period of 1 year, 10 months and 18 days to be exact.

Contributions and Achievements:

• was inaugurated as the new and first president of the new Republic because the Philippines was finally free after the WW II
• in his time, the country has started reconstruction from war damage and the Philippines started breathing without foreign rule
• under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted by the congress
• he is in the 100 peso bill

Elpidio Quirino (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953)

Served first as the vice president of Manuel Roxas in his time and assumed to become the next leader and Philippine president when the latter died in 1948.

Contributions and Achievements:

• under his term in the Japanese occupation, Hukbalahap movement (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon) was active
• he created Social Security Commission now SSS
• he also created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption
• an important historical fact is during 1948, Quezon City was still the capital of the Philippines and not Manila
• an important figure of inflation / depletion is that in his regime, the peso and dollar exchange rate was 1 US = P2.00, a rate we can never regain from today's presidents

Ramon Magsaysay (December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957)

Born as a native of Iba, Zambales, he was a military governor, and engineer. He died on a plane crash on Dec. 1957, boarding the presidential plane on the slopes of Mount Manunggal on the island of Cebu in the Philippines.

Contributions and Achievements of Ramon Magsaysay:

• popularized mambo Magsaysay song and dance
  
• was a chairman of the Committee on Guerilla Affairs
• Popularly known as the "president of the masses"
  
• was the first president sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog in his inauguration
• his presidency was referred as the Philippines’ Golden Years for it was the cleanest and zero-corruption
• the Philippines was ranked 2nd in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries
• allowed common Filipino masses to enter the president's house
  
• he established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among his agrarian reforms

Carlos P. Garcia (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961)

A well renowned country lawyer in his time, Carlos P. Garcia was a critically acclaimed poet, teacher and self-proclaimed guerilla leader.

Born in the province of Bohol, like Elpidio Quirino, he was the vice president of the former Philippine president in his time, Magsaysay.

He also served as the secretary of Foreign Affairs for 4 years until he became president when Magsaysay died in 1957.

Contributions and Achievements:

• adopted the “Filipino First Policy”
• he established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and commerce
• recognized and dubbed as the “Prince of Visayan Poets” and the “bard from Bohol”
• cultural arts was strongly promoted during his term of tenure which was his nature as a leader
  
• the first president whose remains were buried in the "Libingan ng mga Bayani"

Diosdado Macapagal (December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965)

Born in Lubao, Pampanga, like his latter clan, the 2nd female Philippine president, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Diosdado Macapagal, was another lawyer and a professor in his time.

Contributions and Achievements:

• established the first Land Reform Law
• was popular with farmers in his time
  
• he placed the Philippines currency – peso, on the currency exchange market
• declared June 12 in 1898 as the Philippines’ official Independence Day
• Minimum Wage Law signatory
  
• signatory to the creation of the Philippine Veteran’s Bank

Ferdinand Marcos (December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986)

Born from Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was a lawyer, Senate President for 3 years who defended himself in his own few cases was also the longest running dictator Philippine president ever know in Philippine and world history.

He was president for 21 years and was sent out of his office after the People Power Revolution. His wife, Imelda Marcos was a popular icon in his reign for owning so much of a signature shoe collection from all over the world.

He had the most controversial terms of all Philippine presidents especially during his time when he declared and used Martial Law to remain in tenure as the highest government official in the country. He was the first ousted president due to excessive and oppressive use of power and was the first to voluntarily flee out of office because of EDSA People Power.

He was indeed one of the best military and political tactician and brightest president who ever lived to retain the longest reign using his power and knowhow in Philippine laws as a lawyer. His wealth, still unknown even to his grave. He was ousted and so are his alleged ill-gotten wealth rumored and found in numerous Swiss accounts.

Contributions and Achievements:

• awakened the Filipino to put up the EDSA revolution during the 80's
  
• the first president to win a second term
• he declared Martial Law on Sept. 22, 1972 to which in my time I am born and called martial law baby
• empowered and increased military population to fuel his dictatorship intents in the armed forces
• led the Philippines in 1986 to become one of the most indebted countries in Asia thru IMF Worldbank funds
  
• the only president who had a record of building more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals and infrastructures than all former presidents did, combined
• the only president whose remains interred inside a refrigerated crypt to preserve his legacy by the family

Corazon Aquino (February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992)

The first woman president of the Philippines and Asia at the same time, Cory Aquino is the wife of Benigno Aquino Jr. (who was assassinated during the Marcos regime allegedly for fueling the desire of Filipinos to free themselves from bondage of a dictator). She was born in Paniqui, Tarlac and of wealthy decent belonging to the haciendero Cojuangco clan.

Contributions and Achievements:

• was named Time Magazine's “Woman of the Year” in 1986 after EDSA revolution (People Power)
• brought back the song "tie a yellow ribbon" and turned the color yellow as a symbol for freedom and democracy
  
• first female president of the Philippines and Asia simultaneously
• she’s known to bring back democracy in the country through a peaceful revolution known in world history as EDSA revolution
• initiated the abolition of the repressive 1973 Marcos Constitution and brought about the making of the new Constitution of the Philippines for the FIlipino people
• became popular with the term "filipino people" in her reign as Philippine president
• signatory to Family Code of 1987 and 1191 Local Government Code
• she always initiated charitable and social activities helping the poor and the needy
• being compared and cited as a modern-day Joan of Arc by political critics
• her face appears in the latest 500 peso bill together with her husband Ninoy Aquino
• one of 100 Women of the world Who Shaped History
• 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century
• one of 65 Great Asian Heroes
• recipient of J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding

Fidel V. Ramos (June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998)

A military general in his time when the former first female president resumed power over EDSA revolution, the popular name for this Philippine president is FVR. He was the chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines during Cory's regime before he became president. A civil engineer by college career, Ramos is a PMA bred elite. He brought back economic growth and stability in the country in spite of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. He is the first and only non-Catholic (protestant) president of the Philippines.

Contributions and Achievements of Fidel V. Ramos

• FVR was widely credited as the most effective president because he led the Philippines to economic growth
• He promoted family-planning practices to help to solve the country’s growing population
• Hosted the 4th Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Leader’s Summit in the Philippines in 1996
• He presided over celebrations of Philippine Independence Centennial in 1998
• Ramos reached out peace talks with the rebels such as the Moro National Liberation Front and New People’s Army
• FVR received British Knighthood from Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George)
• The Philippine Stock Exchange became an international favorite during his presidency
• Ranked 8th Place in the Philippine Civil Engineering Licensure Exam (1953)
• The death penalty was reinstated while he was in office
• FVR was the only military officer who reached the rank of five-star general/admiral de jure who rose from second lieutenant up to commander-in-chief of the armed forces
• Had 29 Honorary Doctorate Degrees

Joseph Estrada (June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001)

Erap para sa mahirap is his popular slogan. Joseph Ejercity Estrada is the first film actor to become president of a country next to Ronald Reagan. Because of his winning, all sorts of showbiz politicians sprouted like happy mushrooms in the arena.

His governance had been through to numerous controversies and characterized by impeachments, slow economic growth and was later on convicted guilty of plunder case. The first president who was literally impeached and the second to flee the country by virtue of forced leave of office he was later on replaced by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in aid of the People Power III in EDSA. Philippine economy was at its worst because of his proven corrupt leadership (as stated in wikipedia for convicted plunder).

Contributions and Achievements:

• during his time, the MILF’s Camp Abubakar headquarters was reinforced by the military
• popularized the "erap para sa mahirap" slogan which played a major role to his winning the presidency after the general (FVR) reign
  
• supported against the Charter Change
• was cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989
• was among the “Magnificent 12” who voted for the termination of US Military Bases Agreement and removal of US forces and all alleged armaments present in Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010)

Gloria Arroyo, a Capampangan native and daughter of ex-president Diosdado Macapagal, became the second female Philippine president. She was 14 back when she became familiar, moved and lived in the Malacanang Palace as the daughter of the president.

The Oakwood Mutiny is her most popular seige during her tenure and is one of the first serious attempts to overthrow her uprooted claim to power thru EDSA revolution. With controversies and impeachments during her term, Gloria also got involved in the popular Hello Garci scandal which was one of the biggest obvious unproven disgrace to a president.

Contributions and Achievements:

• second female president of the country
• first and only female vice-president of the Philippines so far (to date)
• first president who had oath taking outside of a president's territory in Luzon
• an ex-professor of Economics at the Ateneo de Manila University she was one of the mentors of the current Philippine president, Noynoy Aquino
  
• gained higher economic growth than the past 3 presidents before her
• Philippine economy grew at its fastest in 3 decades in 2007, GDP exceeding 7% growth as claimed by Malacanang press releases
  
• US ex-president Bill Clinton cited Gloria’s “tough decisions” because of her brilliant strategy to make the country's economy back in shape amidst the 2008 global financial crisis
• Peso became the best performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007
• eVAT Law was implemented during her reign as Philippine president

Benigno Aquino III (June 30, 2010 – 2016)

Popularly known as PNoy, he is the son of the first female Philippine president and of Asia – Corazon Cojuangco Aquino. Real name is Simeon Benigno Aquino III a.k.a. NoyNoy or PNoy joined the House of Representatives and the Senate before his presidency.

Contributions and Achievements:

• popularized the no wang-wang policy
• responsible for getting to know the noble Jesse Robredo as the secretary of DILG in 2010.
• he initiated the K-12 education in the Philippines during his term
  
• he renamed the Office of the Press Secretary into Presidential Communications Operations Office and appointed new officers
• he signed an EO about suspension of allowances and bonuses of GOCCs and GFIs board members
• has paved peace in Mindanao thru the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement
• Cyber Crime Law was born during his term
• responsible for restructuring of many government systems to his "tuwid na daan" progressive move`
• Oversaw 7.1% growth of the Philippine economy in 2012
• TIME named him one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World in 2013

Rodrigo Roa "DIGONG" Duterte (2016-2022)

Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the 16th president of the Philippines. He’s one of the most loved presidents. He’s earned a massive fanbase after transforming one of the most dangerous cities (Davao) into one of the world’s safest when he was a mayor. At age 71, he became the oldest Filipino ever elected to the presidency.

Contributions and Achievements of Rodrigo Duterte:

• He earned Political Science Degree from Lyceum of the Philippines in 1968
• Obtained Law Degree from San Beda College in 1972
• He initiated decongesting the Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila, the country’s main gateway
• Signed the Freedom of Information Order
• Duterte launched a 24-hour complaint hotline, 8888
• He signed an order for Smoking Ban in public places
• Boracay Island was rehabilitated during his term
• Launched the Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure Program
• Duterte signed the TRAIN Law and Comprehensive Tax Reform Program
• One of Forbes list of World’s Most Powerful People in 2016

Ferdinand R. "BONGBONG" Marcos Jr. 

Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. is the 17th president of the Philippines. He is the second child of former president Ferdinand Edralin Marcos and the “iron butterfly” Imelda Romualdez Marcos. His campaign is focused on unity. BBM won the presidential election by a landslide garnering over 31 million votes.

Contributions and Achievements of Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr:

• BBM has been a public servant since 1980
• He served as a senator, congressman, governor, and vice-governor
• Marcos Jr. authored landmark laws such as the Philippine Archipelagic Baselines Law (R.A. 9522)
• He authored, co-authored, sponsored, and co-sponsored 54 bills passed into law
• BBM led the modernization of agricultural and tourism landscape of Ilocos Norte when he was a governor

INADDITION: Amazing Facts About the Presidents of the Philippines:

• Manuel L. Quezon was the first Filipino to grace the cover of TIME Magazine on November 25, 1935. If you’re featured on the cover of TIME magazine, it means you are a notable international figure
• Three from the presidents of the Philippines were Top 1 in the Philippine Bar Exam
  • Manuel A. Roxas (1913 Bar Exam with a grade of 92)
  • Diosdado P. Macapagal (1936 Bar Exam with a grade of 89.85)
  • Ferdinand E. Marcos (1939 Bar Exam with a grade of 92.35)
• Three from the presidents of the Philippines were Top 2 in the Philippine Bar Exam
  • Sergio S. Osmeña
  • Jose P. Laurel
  • Elpidio R. Quirino
• Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña were classmates and were both top-notchers in the Bar Exam in 1903. Osmeña was 2nd placer, Quezon was 4th placer. Nevertheless, Quezon became president before him.
• During Ramon Magsaysay’s presidency, the Philippines had its “Golden Years” for its lack of corruption. The country was also ranked second in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries.
• Ferdinand E. Marcos had an extraordinary memory, which allowed him to memorize complicated texts and recite them forward or backward quickly. He aced the Philippine Bar exam with scores so high he was accused of cheating. Upon an oral re-examination by the Supreme Court, Marcos scored even higher with his remarkable memory.
• Fidel V. Ramos was known as the most-effective president because he boosted a positive financial outlook on the economy. The Philippine Stock Exchange was one of the best in the world, and he received the top honor for World Peace Price for his achievement in realizing economic growth, political stability, and democratic freedom in Philippines and Asia Pacific region, as well as his promotion for World Peace
• Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was consistently on the Dean’s List at Georgetown University in Washington D.C., where she started a friendship with then-future President Bill Clinton. Arroyo was also a former Economics professor at the Ateneo de Manila University, where her eventual successor, President Benigno Aquino III, was one of her students.
• Rodrigo Duterte launched the Build! Build! Build! Program which aims for the “Golden Age of Infrastructure” in the Philippines. This project will boost the economy, accelerate transportation, increase job opportunities, and produce more income. This project includes a Tokyo-style Railway in Manila, NLEX-SLEX connector road, Cebu Bus Transit, Clark International Airport Expansion, Subic-Clark Railway Project, Mactan International Airport project, Binondo-Intramuros Bridge and many more.

CCTO

REFERENCES: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/about/gov/exec/

https://philpad.com/presidents-philippines-achievements-contributions/

AUTHORED BY: ANONYMOUS

FREE : ENGLISH MAJOR REVIEWER PART 2 BULLETS 150-330

 151. The speaker’s use of highly jargonized words falls under speakercreated

interference.

152. Audio-lingual method assumes that the over-learning of patterns

through choral repetition and drilling is the key to learning a target

language.

153. To enhance the power of the mind, learners read literary texts in the

target language and memorize vocabulary lists translated into the

native language. Explicit grammar instruction of rules and their

exceptions is the main focus to master the target language. This

method is Grammar-Translation.

154. The literary criticism that highlights how meaning, interpretations,

frameworks, system, and structural beliefs break apart is post

structuralism or deconstruction.

155. The most prominent figure in deconstruction is Jacques Derrida.

156. Antagonist is the character or force in conflict with the main

character, who is the protagonist.

157. Folk Literature is a body of stories, legends, myths, ballads, songs,

riddles, sayings, and other works arising out of the oral traditions of

the peoples around the world.

158. Sisyphus is the king of Corinth who is condemned in the underworld

by forever rolling a huge stone up a hill.

159. The three monstrous sisters with snakes for hair, hands of brass and

bodies covered with impenetrable scales and turns to stone those who

look at them are the Gorgons.

160. The subjects in Mythic history portrayed in the “Musee des Beaux

Arts” are Daedalus and Icarus.

161. Among the typical characteristics of epic heroes, immortality is NOT

one of them.

162. Magic Realism is a term borrowed from art criticism and applied to a

kind of fiction that mixes realism with flights of fantasy and myth. It is

associated with Latin American writers such as Gabriel Garcia

Marquez.

163. Plot is by which a narrative sequence of events (story) is structured

and organized.

164. Aenid, an epic poem in twelve books recounting the story of Aeneas,

was the crowning achievement of Virgil.

165. “It is true but arguable” does NOT make a good idea for an essay.

166. Asking someone to repeat something helps students to get to process

information received.

167. Language is inseparable from Literature.

168. Annotating is a strategy for reading literature where the reader

responds to the literary and cultural impact of the text b identifying

images and themes and writing marginal notes about them.

169. Classicism is an approach t literature and other arts that stresses

reason, balance, clarity, ideal beauty, and orderly form in imitation of

the arts of ancient Greece and Rome.

170. The prime consideration of instructional materials is to link materials

to the curriculum.

171. The reading and teaching of literature must yield not only enjoyment

but also understanding.

172. Fashionable is NOT among the qualities needed by the teacher in the

preparation, selection and utilization of instructional materials.

173. Allophone is shown in the systematic variation of /t/ such as /t/ in top

is aspirated, /t/ is stop is released, and /t/ in pot is unreleased.

174. Wash-back Effect refers to the impact of testing on teaching and

learning.

175. Writing letters is NOT an example of discrete point testing.

176. A novel about the education and development of a young hero is

called Bildungsroman.

177. Cliffhanger is a plot device that ends abruptly that the main characters

are left in a difficult situation without offering any resolution or

conflict.

178. Roman a clef is a novel where real people are represented in the guise

of fictional characters.

179. Philosophic and religious belief in reincarnation is based on the

mythical character Orpheus.

180. Poverty can be the subject matter of humanism literature.

181. In literary parlance, decorum refers to the appropriateness of a work

to intended subject, genre, and audience.

182. The figure of speech that Hawthorne used in making Rev. Dimmesdale

metaphorically dim as the novel progresses, while making

Chillingworth have a chilled heart is Charactonym.

183. Euphemism is a substitution of a term considered offensive or might

bring the audience too close to an uncomfortable reality.

184. Cecile gave a donation to charity is an example of sentence depicting

a dative case.

185. Prepositions would NOT fit into the category of determiners.

186. Code-switching is allowed in a CLT (Communicative Approach) class.

187. Language games and quiz bees is a practice of desuggestopedia.

188. A Filipino student writes a sentence: The book is new. This is an

example of positive transfer.

189. Negative Transfer happens when L1 complicates or impedes the use

of L2. Example: A Filipino student writes: Beautiful is Mary (the

structure is influenced by the student’s L1 which says “Maganda si

Mary”)

190. Formalism is NOT a criticism for meaning.

191. Hermeneutics is known as the science of interpretation.

192. Error is an indication of hypothesis testing in language learning.

193. An example of English for Occupational Purposes (EOP) is English for

Technician.

194. Infants, during the pre-linguistic developmental stage, communicate

by crying, cooing, and babbling.

195. In the story, who is slow? This is an example of a question on the

Literal comprehension level.

196. Children who have been watching TV a lot would likely suffer from

short attention span.

197. “Speak when you are angry and you will make the best speech you will

ever regret.” This is a good advice for those who are ill-tempered and

impulsive.

198. The phrase associated with President Magsaysay is For Democracy

will die.

199. The Philippines is considered as an ESL nation.

200. IRI (Informal Reading Inventory) reading technique is being utilized

when a teacher asks his student to read a particular passage, and he

marks mispronounced words.

201. In a school paper, the Editor-in-Chief is in-charge of everything.

202. Pitch level 3 must be used in emphasizing the main idea in a sentence.

203. The intensification of the conflict of the story or play is called rising

action.

204. The National Heroes’ Day reminds us about heroes worth emanating.

205. Mended, Blocked, Recommended, Postponed. The word among the

following that has a /t/ sound is blocked.

206. The sentence “She drives an expensive white European sports car.”

follows the correct order of adjectives.

207. English has been the Lingua Franca of the world since America gained

its international power. Lingua Franca means Language of the World.

208. The Deductive method is a Teacher-dominated method.

209. The poem which the quote “Nevermore” is taken is The Raven.

210. Semantics is a language system focused on vocabulary.

211. The smallest unit of sound of any language that causes a difference in

meaning is called a phoneme.

212. The smallest unit of meaning is a morpheme.

213. When the coach said “Bring home the bacon!”, he meant that the

team has to win the competition.

214. “What you said does not hold water with me.” The statement means it

is unbelievable / illogical.

215. 64.26% of the cases in a normal curve fall between +1 and -1.

216. Divine Comedy is the work of Dante Alighieri that narrates his journey

through Hell (The Inferno), purgatory, and finally, paradise.

217. The highest in the Three-level Approach to teaching is Values,

followed by Concept, and lastly, Facts.

218. In Nick Joaquin’s short story, May Day Eve, the technique he used in

developing the plot was Flashback.

219. The word synonymous with ecstatic is blissful.

220. Input hypothesis of Krashen’s Monitor Model proposes that when

learners are exposed to grammatical features a little beyond their

current (i.e., I + 1), those features are “acquired.

221. “Teachers should correct errors during the time they are committed

as error correction is valuable” is NOT an implication of Krashen’s

Monitor Model.

222. Structuralists view the language as a system of related elements or

“building blocks” for the encoding of meaning, the elements being

phonemes (sounds), morphemes (words), tagmemes

(phrases/sentences/clauses).

223. Interactionalists believe that language is a vehicle for establishing

interpersonal relations.

224. The functional view of language (Functionalism) has resulted in

communication-based methods such as Communicative Language

Teaching/Communicative Approach, Notional/Functional Approach,

Task-Based Language Teaching.

225. Intonation is the rise and fall of pitch which may contrast meanings of

sentences.

226. Dissimilation is a morphophonemic process that results in two sounds

becoming less alike in articulatory or acoustic terms; a process in

which units which occur in some contexts are “lost” in others; e.g. “l i

b a r y” instead of “l i b r a r y”.

227. The syntactic structure shown in the examples, “responsible officers,

trusted friend” is Modification.

228. Anaphora, in linguistics, is an expression that refers to another

linguistic expression (point backwards). The pronoun refers back to its

antecedent.

229. Recession will worsen in Europe in the next five years. The category of

illocutionary act demonstrated in this sentence is assertive /

representative.

230. Overgeneralization errors such as “goed” and “keeped” are common

in children’s speech. Such errors suggest that children induce the rules

for the past tense from the language to which they are exposed.

231. The period of American Renaissance gave birth to Trancendentalism.

232. “To be or not to be, that’s the question” this line is taken from

Shakespeare’s Hamlet.

233. Carlos Bulosan’s celebrated autobiography is entitled America is in the

Heart.

234. Self-monitoring and playing attention belong to Metacognitive

category of learning strategies identified by Oxford I. 1989.

235. Neoclassicism movement is a reaction against the stylistic excess and

superfluous artistry and ornamentation of Renaissance writers.

236. Guy de Maupassant is a writer of short stories and novels who is by

general agreement the greatest French short-story writer.

237. A distinct feature of poetry during the age of modernism is free verse.

238. To punish himself for murdering his father to have sexual relationships

with his mother, Oedipus gouged his eyes.

239. The playwright who used alienation effect to educate the audience

and not rely upon their emotion is Bertolt Brecht.

240. What is true about textually authentic materials is that they are NOT

written for teaching.

241. Sophocles wrote Ajax, Antigone, and Oedipus and Colonus, but NOT

Agamemnon.

242. Gothic Novels became popular in the 19th Century.

243. One feature of Suggestopedia is that learners are in a relaxed and

reclining position.

244. The press is referred to as “fourth state” because it checks all

branches of the Government.

245. Echo reading takes place when the teacher reads each line then the

learners repeat it.

246. Juncture influences the pronunciation of “ice cream” and “I scream”.

247. A paragraph is believed to have coherence if the sentences are

smoothly connected with each other through transitional devices.

248. Type-study method is inductive in nature.

249. I have been teaching for 32 years, and I can’t imagine doing anything

else.

250. The period considered as the Golden Age of the Filipino Language is

the Japanese Regime.

251. One implication on listening and speaking for language teaching is link

listening and speaking task to provide opportunities for students to

notice how language is used in different contexts.

252. When the word “consumables” refers to resources such as toner, ink,

and paper which can get used up, it is regarded as a/an ICT jargon.

253. The Trojan War can be seen today as Women’s Empowerment.

254. “The Answer” by Bel Dao reflects slavery as a pressing concern.

255. The FENCE in the story written by Jose Garcia Villa refers to walls

representing hindrances that separate families.

256. During the 1800s as reflected in American Literature, the US

government expanded its territory NOT by the use of Invasion

(conquest).

257. In “I Hear America Singing” by Whitman, the workers sing varied carols

to express happiness in work and the uniqueness of contribution.

258. Indirect illocution is when the speaker expresses another illocutionary

for other that literally expressed the utterance by relying on

background knowledge, principles of convention.

259. In a study comparing the effect of studying with music versus no music

on reading comprehension. The independent variable is the presence

or absence of music during studying.

260. Iconic Learning involving instructional audio-visual materials refers to

visual images for the real thing.

261. When a research is conducted to assess the linguistic forms in

language performance, it is after the linguistic component.

262. The function of language test which aim to motivate students pertains

to learning.

263. Juncture refers to pauses or rests in speech.

264. In Paz Latorena's short story "The Small Key", what Soledad’s second

wife found in the small chest is old clothes and other things of his first

wife.

265. According to Krashen, the function of knowledge of grammatical rules

in language performance is as monitor.

266. The Cooperative Principle is proposed by H. Paul Grice.

267. Pidgin refers to language that emerged between two speakers who do

not share a common language.

268. Creole is a developed pidgin that established a definite structure and

has native speakers.

269. “Apologized” has an alternate correct spelling shown in any good

dictionary. (Apologised)

270. The primary aim of Direct Method is vocabulary development.

271. Edgar Allan Poe is popular for his gothic style in his compositions.

272. Burlesque is a humorous imitation of a serious work of literature.

273. Leo Tolstoy is known as the world’s greatest novelist for writing War

and Peace, and Anna Karenina.

274. Stream of consciousness is also known as interior monologue.

275. Deus Ex Machina refers to the incidence where an implausible

concept or character is brought into the story in order to make the

conflict in the story resolve and to bring about a pleasing solution.

276. Solecism is any grammatical mistake committed in writing or speaking.

277. Proverbs embodied the practical philosophy of Filipinos during the

pre-Hispanic era.

278. Paradise Lost is written by John Milton and it is based on the popular

story of the Sinning of Adam and Eve.

279. In Paz Marquez Benitez’s “Dead Stars”, the dead stars represent

Alfredo’s love for Julia.

280. The Harlem Renaissance is the flowering of African-American

Literature.

281. The Negritude movement is a movement of French-speaking African

and Caribbean writers and it began to fade in the 1950s after fulfilling

their goal.

282. Telephone Conversation is a literary piece written by Wole Soyinka

about racism.

283. Hamartia is the term for the downfall of the hero or heroine in a story.

284. "The self-assured hubris among economists was shaken in the late

1980s." The underlined word means excessive pride or selfconfidence.

285. The Filipino writer whose short stories depic Filipino-Spanish culture is

Nick Joaquin.

286. The phenomenon where people share the same false memory about

something is called the Mandela Effect. (e.g. The dash between KitKat)

287. The founder of 21st Century Linguistics is Ferdinand De Saussure.

288. Patroclus made Achilles grief.

289. Didactic Literature is meant to instruct or educate.

290. Diegesis and Mimesis are coined terms by Aristotle to distinguish

telling (diegesis) from showing (mimesis).

291. The difference between phonics and phonetical awareness is that

phonics include written language, phonetical awareness does not

necessarily.

292. Exegesis is an explanation of a text that identifies and explains the

figurative language and forms within the work.

293. A common type of character or entity that recurs throughout various

literature is called a stock character or archetype.

294. “Touch me one more time, and I swear—” this breaking-off of speech

usually because of rising emotion or excitement is called Aposiopesis.

295. Chiasmus refers to two phrases in which syntax is the same but the

placement of words is reversed.

296. The Canterbury Tales was written in the 14th Century.

297. “Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its

own ways.” This line is taken from Ana Karenina by Leo Tolstoy.

298. Moby Dick is a white whale using Pequod.

299. A concise expression of insight or wisdom is called Aphorism.

300. Creative Reading is reading beyond the lines.

301. Input hypothesis proposes that when learners are exposed to

grammatical features a little beyond their current (i.e., I + 1), those

features are “acquired”.

302. Correcting errors in language use is NOT a principle of Krashen’s

monitor model.

303. Structuralists believe that language is primarily vocal; language is

system of systems, and language is arbitrary.

304. Interactionalists believe that language is a vehicle for establishing

interpersonal relations.

305. Syntax is a branch of linguistics that deals with how words combine to

form phrases, phrases combine to form clauses, and clauses conjoin to

make sentences.

306. Fricatives are produced by bringing the articulators near each other

such that the flow of air is impeded but not completely blocked.

307. A representative / assertive is an utterance used to describe some

state of affairs: acts of stating, asserting, denying, confessing,

admitting, notifying, concluding, predicting, and so on.

308. Behaviorism is a systematic approach to the understanding of human

and animal behavior. It assumes that the behavior of a human or

animal is a consequence of that individual's history, including

especially reinforcement and punishment, and the individual's current

motivational state and controlling stimuli.

309. “Overgeneralization” is most often used in connection with language

acquisition by children. For example, a young child may say "foots"

instead of "feet," overgeneralizing the morphological rule for making

plural nouns.

310. The concept of universal grammar states that all languages are built

upon a common grammar.

311. The areas of Communicative Competence are: grammatical,

sociolinguistic, discourse, and sociolinguistic.

312. A cataphoric reference unit refers to another unit that is introduced

later on in the text/speech.

313. The slippery slope argument involves reasoning that because of an

initial event, a second event, more extreme event must inevitable

follow.

314. Milton’s Paradise Lost which was published in 1667 in Modern English.

315. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, unicorn was commonly described

as an extremely wild woodland creature, a symbol of purity and grace,

which could only be captured by a virgin.

316. Muchukunda (cited in Mahabarata & Parunas) saw the emptiness of

his life and turned his back on it, becoming a wanderer and sadhu. He

refused to return to the world.

317. Anthropomorphism is the showing or treating of animals, gods, and

objects as if they are human in appearance, character, or behaviour:

318. Most of basal readers are phonics-based.

319. The K-W-L chart can be used to document what students know, what

they want to know, and what they learned.

320. Petrarchan sonnet is form of poetry that has an 8-line stanza with the

rhyme scheme abbaabba followed by 6 lines with various rhyme

schemes, usually cdcdcd or cdede.

321. Listening is the MOST neglected communication skill.

322. Wolvin and Coakley (1992) listed four different kinds of listening:

Comprehensive (Informational), Critical (Evaluative), Appreciative

(Aesthetic), and Therapeutic (Emphatic).

323. Listening for DETAILS means listening for specific information.

324. Listening SELECTIVELY means listening only to specific parts of the

input.

325. Novice learners accept all of the information.

326. Wash-back effect happens when what was assessed became what

was taught.

327. The factors that affect learners listening are: (1) Background

Knowledge or Schematic, (2) Knowledge of the situation or Context,

and (3) Knowledge of the language system or Systematic.

328. Life after Death is what was depicted in Dante’s Divine Comedy.

329. The prefix “epi-“ means upon.

330. According to Oxford Dictionary, KIKAY KIT means a cosmetic pouch.

ENGLISH MAJOR 150 BULLETS

 1. Among Filipinos, the characteristic that makes English difficult to

understand is that it is a strange language.

2. ESP is centered on language appropriate to various activities that can

relate well with grammar, lexis, register, discourse, and genre.

3. In a performance-based assessment in ESP, using a rubric is best

applicable to oral interview.

4. Among ASEAN countries, Singapore is known as a shopper’s paradise.

5. An example of word-formation processes that changes “kindergarten”

to kinder and “air conditioning” to “aircon” is known as clipping.

6. A speaker should change the language according to the needs of the

listener or based on the dictate of the situation. This is NOT done by

sophisticating the language by using high terminologies for basal

learners.

7. Vowels are speech sounds made simply by shaping the oral cavity to

give the sound a particular color or timbre.

8. “PROFLIGATE as the spring sunshine.” The capitalized word means

overabundant.

9. An example of a bound morpheme ending in –ion that changes a verb

into a noun is action.

10. Everyone is an example of indefinite pronoun.

11. The indirect speech “I’m studying English a lot at the moment” means

he was studying English a lot at that moment.

12. Term, which represents the role of interlocutors, is NOT among the

variable of functional grammar

13. Systematic Functional Linguistics has three variables: Tenor, Field, and

Mode.

14. “We put it off too long” is a structure that uses “off” as an adverbial

particle.

15. “Alex is giving his boss a headache” is a structure that contains a

ditransitive verb group.

16. Course outline is the summary of main points of a text, lecture, or

course of study.

17. Audio-lingual method anchors on behaviorist assumption that

language learning is the acquisition of a set of correct language habits.

18. English is MOST interesting subject for Rizza. The adjective that

expresses supreme value is called Superlative Adjectives.

19. “Pedestrians are not permitted beyond this point” is an official sign in

the passive voice.

20. The THIRD child is the most brilliant. The capitalized word is an

example of ordinal adjectives.

21. Dwindle : increase :: stiffen : relax (Contrasting Analogy)

22. Farce is a type of comedy based on far-fetched humorous situation

often with ridiculous or stereotyped characters.

23. Life is like a roller coaster is an example of SIMILE.

24. Sounds like bam, bang, booing are examples of onomatopoeia.

25. The type of paragraph for the topic “The day I won the oratorical title

changed my self-perception” is Narrative.

26. “How long is the poem?” is NOT included in a poem’s context.

27. Imagery is BEST explained as when the author sends mental images in

the minds of the readers using words.

28. In a novel or short story, when the point of view assumed by the

narrator is able to tell everything that happens in the story, he is

omniscient.

29. When a scene in a story, novel, or play is interrupted to show an event

that happened in the past, it is known as flashback.

30. The resolution of the conflict of a story is called denouement.

31. In fiction, the transformation of a character from arrogance to

humility or the purgation and purification of character is known as

catharsis.

32. “Bad credit” and “Debit Card”, “The earthquake” and “the queer

shake” are examples of anagrams.

33. My head is bloody but unbowed is an example of Alliteration.

34. Juxtaposition is when a funeral home was built next to a children’s

nursery.

35. “O! Wild west wind!” is an example of Apostrophe.

36. Cliché is a colloquial expression that has been overused.

37. Silent Way method makes use of rods and colorful charts.

38. Skill-based Syllabus is a type of syllabus that is a collection of specific

abilities that may play a part in using language.

39. Use of grade readers is one approach applied in ESP to teach students

with a low level of knowledge of English. These materials refer to

different version of books with simplified grammar and vocabulary.

40. The strategy using examples, activities, songs, poems, stories, and

illustrations based on local culture, history and reality is called

localization.

41. The Philippine Qualifications Framework is very significant in the

development of content and performance standards.

42. An Act Enhancing the Philippine Basic Education System by

Strengthening Its Curriculum and Increasing the Number of Years for

Basic Education, Appropriating Funds Therefor and for Other

Purposes,” otherwise known as the “Enhanced Basic Education Act of

2013”

43. Substituting different sounds for the first sound of a familiar song can

help in developing phonological awareness.

44. Listening to classical music is one of his preferred leisure activities.

45. The past tense of hang is hung. Hanged is for death.

46. The study of the ways non-native speakers acquire, comprehend, and

use linguistic patterns or speech acts in a second language is known as

Inter-language Pragmatics.

47. Linguistic interference occurs when students learn another language

or dialect.

48. A summary of the main points of a text, lecture, or course of study is

called Course Outline.

49. Learning for empowerment and better self-image is an example of

intrinsic motivation.

50. An example is the term room for someone who stays in a dormitory or

shared room of a boarding house without meals provided is known as

bed spacer.

51. The primary aim of second language teaching using Audio-Lingual

Method is oral proficiency.

52. The aspect of Communicative Competence that deals with the

appropriate use of communication and coping strategies is known as

Strategic Competence.

53. Interpretability is the ability of the listener to understand the

speaker’s intentions behind the word or utterance.

54. A teaching practice which is compatible with Communicative

Approach is one that gives priority to oral communication.

55. The boy and the girl’s uncle is an example of a sentence fragment.

56. “Don’t make any comment unless you are fully aware of the issue.” is

an example of a complex sentence.

57. Josh dreads wild animals in the zoo. The function of the underlined

constituent is optional modifier.

58. Descriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as it's

actually used by speakers and writers.

59. Prescriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as certain

people think it should be used.

60. “The man with a tall hat sits rather uncomfortably at the dinner table”

is syntactically ambiguous.

61. “Shakespeare is a literary titan” exemplifies the literary device

Allusion.

62. Motif in literary writing is an image or idea repeated throughout a

work or several works of literature.

63. The focus of Medieval Literature is Religious, Divine and Spiritual.

64. New Criticism excludes the reader’s response, the author’s intention,

historical and cultural contexts, and moralistic bias from their analysis.

It does not allow inter-textual reading of literature.

65. Neoclassicism is characterized by a re-examination and imitation of

classical models, literary styles and values of the ancient Greek and

Roman authors.

66. All interpretations and meanings of a text are correct as accepted by

a Reader-Reception Critic.

67. In the excerpt “Here thou, great Anna! whom three realms obey / Dost

sometimes counsel take—and sometimes tea.”, Alexander Pope used

a literary device called Anticlimax.

68. Aesthetic Distance is the audience’s ability to remove themselves so

that they can contemplate and evaluate the performance and the

play.

69. Translatability is the capacity for some kind of meaning to be

transferred from one language to another without undergoing radical

change.

70. The literary movement known as the era of “decadence” which was a

reaction against realism, naturalism, and highly structured poetry is

called Symbolism.

71. Naturalism emphasized the hereditary psychological component of

characters and experimenting the connections between human

psychology and external environment.

72. A word can have associated mental images and meanings, often these

cannot be found in dictionaries. These are called Connotations.

73. “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of

wisdom, it was the age of foolishness…” In the opening lines of the

novel The Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens used juxtaposition.

74. “The time is out of joint, O cursed spite / That ever I was born to set it

right.” The two lines from Shakespeare’s Hamlet which is

characterized by having two successive rhyming lines in a verse and

the same meter to form a complete thought is called a couplet.

75. A figure of speech that uses exaggeration is Hyperbole.

76. Appeal to Ethos means that the author convinces the audience using

his credibility, character or expertise. These include enumerating work

experiences, accomplishments, and character.

77. Appeal to Pathos means that the author convinces the audience using

emotions. The author aims to gather the audience’s sympathy and

draw pity or sometimes makes them angry.

78. Appeal to Logos means that the author convinces the audience using

logic and reason. The author presents facts, evidences and data to

convince the audience’s minds to accept his arguments.

79. Epiphora, also known as “epistrophe,” is a stylistic device in which a

word or a phrase is repeated at the ends of successive clauses.

80. The MOST important sentence in any essay is the thesis sentence.

81. Self-fulfilling Prophecy is where the prophecies are realized due to the

actions of a character who tries to prevent them (for example:

Oedipus Rex)

82. Antanaclasis is the literary trope in which a single word or phrase is

repeated, but in two different senses.

83. The person assigned to dictate the actor’s line if he forgets is called a

prompter

84. A poem that tells a lively or tragic story is called ballad.

85. The characteristic of a formalist’s criticism is that criticism is focused

on the work itself.

86. Nemesis is a literary device is where the good characters are rewarded

for their virtues, and the evil characters are punished for their vices.

87. The glass unicorn in The Glass Menagerie, the rocking horse in “The

Rocking-Horse Winner,” and the road in Frost’s “The Road Not Taken”

are examples of subjects.

88. “It’s no wonder everyone refers to Mary as another Mother Teresa in

the making; she loves to help and care after people everywhere, from

the streets to her own friends.” This is an example of an Allusion.

89. The words spoken by an actor directly to the audience watching a play

that the characters in the play do not hear are called aside.

90. The myths of the Greeks reflect a view of the universe that

acknowledges the mystery and beauty of humanity.

91. Antigone is sentenced to death for the crime of performing the burial

rituals of her brother.

92. Maria Makiling is a famous Filipino legend.

93. Malakas at Maganda is a famous Filipino creation myth.

94. The presence of the three gods: Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos in Greek

Mythology symbolize that mortals’ fate depends on the gods.

95. In Greek Mythology, Jason sailed the long ship Argo in search for the

Golden Fleece.

96. Prometheus is the mythological titan punished by the gods for stealing

fire.

97. In the poem, “Vulture” by Chinua Achebe, the line that represents a

miserable or bleak scene is “Broken bones and a dead tree”

98. Li Qingzhao, the greatest Chinese poetess, is NOT known for

dominance of hyperbole.

99. Egyptian literature is identified as Mediterranean literature.

100. The first line of the Poem “Mind is Without Fear” by Rabindranath

Tagore “Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high…” It

means only the fearless mind can hold its head upright.

101. Basho popularized Haiku in Japan. He creates visual and auditory

sensations with a few strokes of his writing brush.

102. “Awake! for Morning in the Bowl of Night” is a poem written by Omar

Khayyam.

103. Mao Tze-Tsung is a Chinese leader whose essays and poems depicted

the totalitarian rule in China and advocated a revolutionary

movement.

104. Haiku is a three-line poem with seventeen syllables, written in a 5/7/5

syllable count.

105. The oldest Indian document of Sanskrit Literature is the Rig Veda

106. Thomas Jefferson refered to the Native Americans as “merciless

Indian savages.”

107. Benjamin Franklin added Humility in his 13 vitues because he is

reminded of his friend Quaker about how overbearing and insolent

he is.

108. New Criticism is characterized by emphasis on craft over content.

109. The forest in the play Midsummer Night’s Dream symbolize a place to

face trials for the characters to pass.

110. The “Declaration of Independence” is best described as accusatory

and subjective.

111. In Maya Angelou’s 'On the Pulse of Morning', it is suggested that each

new day gives people new chances.

112. Shakespeare’s technique of showing equivocation in his play

“Macbeth” is Irony.

113. According to Lincoln in “The Gettyburg Address”, the premise of the

war being fought is the government of the people, by the people, for

the people.

114. A story told in verse by unknown writers and usually meant to be sung

is a ballad.

115. The repetition of similar sounds usually consonant in a group of words

like “Doubting dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream

before?” is called Alliteration.

116. Sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem usually written in rhymed iambic

pentameter.

117. A book-length fictional prose narrative which has many characters and

often complex plot is called a novel.

118. Epitaph is a description on a grave stone or a short poem in memory

of a deceased person.

119. Half rhyme is one of the major poetic devices. It is also called an

“imperfect rhyme,” “slant rhyme,” “near rhyme,” or “oblique rhyme”.

120. An important step in ensuring the relevance of the instructional

material to the rest of the curriculum is to keep a list of the goals and

objectives of the curriculum.

121. To home independent study strategies through prescribed tasks is

NOT a goal of K to 12 language teaching in the secondary level.

122. K to 12 language teaching in secondary school is NOT described as

literature-based and genre-focused.

123. All materials from the real world not intended for classroom use but

used in the classroom are called authentic materials.

124. The target language is used as an auxiliary / support language. This

statement DOES NOT characterized Direct Method of language

teaching.

125. The use of song, the worksheet, pair group, the teacher and the

students’ talk are provisions of the comprehensible input hypothesis

of Krahsen’s Monitor model.

126. Paul Grice’s cooperative principle is a set of norms that are expected

in conversations. It consists of four maxims: quality, quantity,

relation, and manner.

127. Maxim of quality: Utterance must tell the truth or something that is

provable by adequate evidence

128. Maxim of quantity: Utterance have to be adequate in speaking, not

more or less.

129. Maxim of relation: Response has to be relevant to the topic of

discussion.

130. Maxim of manner: Utterance has to avoid ambiguity or obscurity; it

should be direct and straightforward.

131. The generalization in the area of phonology that can be drawn from

the following linguistic data: table, attack, can, paper, space, accordion

is that a voiceless stop can be aspirated if it begins a syllable of a

stressed vowel.

132. The title of Leo Tolstoy’s short story about a man falsely judged and

accused of murder is “God Sees the Truth but Waits.”

133. Ophelia Alcantara Dimalanta is considered as the Goddess of

Philippine Poetry.

134. “Magnificence”, the story about a girl abused by an old man, is

authored by Estrella Alfon.

135. The reality TV show Big Brother is based on the novel by George

Orwell entitled 1984.

136. When you use a fraction (one-third) with a countable noun, you use

the plural 'are'. If it was referring to a non-countable noun then it

would need to be singular 'is'.

137. /b/ sound is a voiced bilabial stop.

138. The first school established by the Americans in the Philippines that

aims to teach Filipinos how to use English is the Philippine Normal

School.

139. Direct Testing requires the candidate to perform precisely the skill

that the test wishes to measure.

140. The Structuralist Approach views that language learning is chiefly

concerned with a systematic acquisition of a set of “building blocks”.

141. The function of language test which aims to motivate students

pertains to learning.

142. Sociolinguistic component assesses the use of linguistic forms in

language performance.

143. The application of social and behavioral science research method to

the practice of journalism is called precision journalism.

144. In journalism, copy refers to any piece of material that makes it to

print.

145. The date line in a news story refers to the time when the story was

filed.

146. According to Wilson, the “heart of the theatre experience” is the live

relationship between the performers and the audience.

147. One way to see if translation communicates what the source text

communicates is by translation checking. The subjects of such activity

are called speakers with receptive language ability.

148. A foil is a character who contrasts with another character.

149. The first-ever printed material using the printing press is the Latin

Vulgate or Gutenberg Bible.

150. In creative non-fiction, you use essays and memoirs to support a factbased

narrative.

PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION PART 2 : BULLETS

 

TOPIC: PHILOSOPHY OF NATURALISM

REFERENCES

Akinpelu, J. A (1981)

Chitumba, W (2006)

Morish, l (1967)

Reed, A. J. S and Bergmann B.E (1995)

Rusk, R.N and Scotland, J (1969)

Urmson, J. O (1975)

PROPONENTS OF NATURALISM

J.J Rousseau

J.H Pestalozzi

F. Froebel

Montessori

INTRODUCTION

·       Naturalism grew largely as an opposition to idealism and Christian doctrine of the original sin.

·       It disputes the notion that man is essentially evil.

·       It takes an extreme position in arguing that inherent in human nature are dynamic quality features- forces which make man naturally inclined to develop towards goodness.

DEFINITION.

NATURALISM

·       It is a philosophy that argues for the return to nature.

·       Its general outlook is that man’s development both physical and intellectual progresses in accordance with natural forces and natural laws.

METAPHYSICS OF NATURALISM

·       Naturalists believe that the totality of things which we call nature and which are studied in natural sciences is the totality of things.

·       Any explanations in-terms of the supernatural are illegitimate.

·       There is an inner principle of development in the universe, a sort of pattern according to which each thing develops according to the best of its type.

·       Thus there exist in the child some hidden powers which unfold when he grows up to become an adult.

·       The child has his own inner principle of growth by which he necessarily and naturally develops towards manhood.

·       Naturalists believe in the natural (innate) goodness and innocence of the child.

·       Inequalities and bad behaviours are a result of the child’s intercourse with the corrupted society.

·       The child is by nature inquisitive and inclined to learn.

·       If we allow the child to unfold in a natural way, he will develop into a good man and ultimately a good citizen.

·       The natural tendency of human nature is to develop towards freedom and happiness.

·       Rousseau says “man is born free but he is in chains everywhere”

EPISTEMOLOGY OF NATURALISM

·       Knowledge is human experience informed by his present values and interests.

·       Knowledge is acquired through a natural process of growth and development- evolution.

·       Knowledge is unfolding from within the child of the potentialities and capacities which follows it’s laid down patterns through engaging in meaningful activities.

·       Education is then the process of aiding and quickening this developmental process of the child.

AXIOLOGY OF NATURALISM

·       Values are man centred, relative and ever-changing.

·       What is good or right is what works or is likely to solve a problem.

NATURALISM AND EDUCATION.

·       Education should be student centred.

·       It should take into account the present interests, values and experiences of the learners.

·       Education is growth, it is a natural process.

·       They argue that nature will have them children before they are born.

·       Children have ways of thinking, seeing and feeling which are peculiar to themselves and they should not be interfered with.

·       Education is for the liberty and happiness of the child

·       Rousseau advocates learning without tears.

·       This means that in a learning set-up, never punish the child

·       If there is punishment needed, nature will take its course and punish the child.

·       Their argument is that if the child is permitted to suffer consequences of his free activities, he will learn from experience what makes his own happiness and his mates.

·       Education should be through experience.

·       Children should learn nothing from books which they can learn from experience.

·       Children learn best by doing through activities/ first hand experiences.

·       Allow children to use all their senses.

·       Education is for individual development and social consciousness.

·       Create activities that will make the child work with others, have a sense of belonging and community ownership.

·       Learners should learn at their own pace.

·       Methods of teaching should take into account the child’s readiness to learn something new.

·       Rousseau argues that when you craft a curriculum do it with the learners.

·       The education system should be divided into different levels according to the pupils’ ages.

NATURALISM AND EDUCATION

In teaching, move away from the child’s present experience and gradually lead him to new experiences

Children learn through trial and error, culminating in trial and success

The teacher must make learning interesting to the learner

According to Rousseau since boys by nature are different from girls, they require a different kind of education

He also says the ideal class size is 1tutor 1learner

Education should be funded and sponsored by the state

THE ROLE OF THE TEACHER

Naturalist argue that the teacher should be a provider and organizer of learning resources.

The teacher is a passive observer in the background and only interferes at the request of the child.

CONCLUSION

Some elements of the Zimbabwean education system are informed by naturalism

These include dividing the system into kindergarten, infant, junior and senior in primary education, secondary and tertiary education.

Teaching methods have also been influenced by naturalism especially the emphasis on participation rather than on preparation and assimilation.

However there are certain aspects of the philosophy which stand out as unworkable and overzealous.

TASK

Discuss the applicability of naturalism to the Zimbabwean secondary school setting, which ideas would you find difficult to apply and why.

TOPIC: PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION

·       Educational philosophies and theories are closely related.

·       Philosophies refer to complete bodies of thought that present a world view.

·       Educational theories focus on education.

·       The main thrust is on what the school should teach i.e. the curriculum.

·       The theories are the school based components of the philosophical approaches.

EDUCATIONAL THEORIES/THEORY.

PROGRESSIVISM.

·       It is a philosophical theory that is founded upon pragmatism hence attributed to Dewey.

·       Progressive education arose as reaction against traditional schooling where progrevists condemned traditional schooling practices such as:

1.     Authoritarian teachers.

2.     Book-based instruction.

3.     Passive memorisation of factual information.

4.     Using physical/psychological coercion to manage classrooms.

·       They advocate for an education that focuses on the whole child rather than on the content/teacher thus they teach the head, heart and the hand.

·       Emphasis is on students testing ideas by active experimentation.

·       Emphasis is also on the process of learning (as opposed to product)-how one comes to know.

·       The learner is a problem solver and thinker who makes meaning through his individual experience in the physical and cultural context.

·       Learners should be free to experiment, play and express themselves.

·       Children’s readiness and interest rather than pre-determined subjects should shape the curriculum and instruction.

·       Progressivists emphasize social interaction and process oriented (hands-on learning) in which students work collaboratively to expand and revise their knowledge base.

·       Teaching and learning should be an active, exciting and ever-changing process.

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TEACHER.

·       Effective teachers provide experiences so that students can learn by doing.

·       A teacher must make use of the child’s interest.

·       Teachers must make use of participatory methods such as group work, role-play, project method and field trips.

·       Teachers must create an atmosphere that allows free expression and interaction.

·       Content should be broken down into manageable units.

·       The teacher must match the level of difficulty of content with the level of the children.

·       Teachers must teach from the immediate experience of the child and gradually lead the child to unfamiliar concepts.

·       The teacher acts as a guide to the child’s learning.

STRENGHTS OF PROGRESSIVISM.

·       It allows for active participation by learners.

·       Use of participatory method is believed to ensure long memory retention.

·       It boosts the learner’s confidence as they discover their own knowledge.

·       Learners learn to appreciate others opinion as they learn from each other.

·       Learners are self-motivated to learn,

·       Progressivism encourages scientific methods to experimentation in line with technological advancements.

·       It appreciates individual differences in learners.

·       Progressivism allows the child to learn as he plays.

TOPIC: LIBERALISM/ LIBERAL EDUCATION

·        The concept of liberalism originated in the Greek society during the time of Aristotle.

·       The word liberalism is derived from a Latin word “Liber” which means independent and free. It denotes that which is worth of a free man.

The concept of a free man

The Greek tradition

·       According to the Greek there were two types of man a slave and a free man.

·       The free man was someone with a legal status, a man who was not over burdened with material cares

·       He was a man capable of thinking beyond the now,

·       A man who would spend most of his time thinking about abstract issues i.e. justice, selfish

 

The English tradition

·       during the 19 century the concept of a freeman changed and followed the English tradition

·       a freeman was a man who qualified to be called a gentleman

·       this was a man of leisure, a man who would not do manual jobs, had dignity, commanded respect, a man of peace with polished speech, a man of high intellectual capability, a man whose reasoning was not contextually bound.

 

The contemporary times

·       Distinctions between a free man and a slave no longer exist.

·       A freeman has an openness of mind.

·       Man is expected to be free of dogmas and superstition.

·       He is expected to interrogate any standing beliefs and give new meaning to all phenomena.

 

Goals of liberal education

i.               prepare students for life – the learner should understand the life he or she lives

ii.              develop rational thinking

iii.            produce mature, good and hopefully wise man

iv.            produce the ideal of a well-stocked cultivated mind

v.              produce a gracious and well-disciplined character

 

 

 

Objectives

·       Provide the student with certain kinds of knowledge which every man is the better for possessing.

·       To provide a holistic approach to learning as opposed to a narrow specialised approach.

·       Liberalism agues for wholesomeness as opposed to one sidedness.

·       Help form the mind and personality so that it is possible to be free of gross material cares and to experience more of what life really has to offer (Elvin, 1977:47).

·       To equip the students with a command of their own language.

·       To equip the students with the skills of vigorous thought.

·       To equip students with a grasp of mathematics.

                 

Tenants/ principles of liberalism

·       Man is a rational being, this capacity should be developed in every human being – capable of thinking, evaluating, and making judgements.

·       Human personality should develop freely guided by reason rather than limited by artificially constraints (superstitions, dogmas).

·       Liberal education is a process of freeing or liberating the mind from error.

·       Education aims ultimately to enable an individual to make free choices rather than to follow what is considered to be correct without understanding it.

·       Knowledge is a good for its own sake.

 

Curriculum of liberal education

·       Blydel (in Akinpelu, 1981) asserts that liberal education’s main feature is integration.

·       The curriculum is therefore a coverage of wide range of types of knowledge as Blydel (in Akinpelu 1981:98) reveals “it is our desire and purpose to teach not so much knowledge of useful things as useful knowledge”

·       The man so educated should be free or liberated from ignorance.

·       The liberal curriculum recommends the teaching of as many subjects as possible all of which should be learnt to a level that does not allow specialisation.

Justification for the wide curriculum

·       The first orientation of a liberal education is towards man as man, not towards man as a money maker.

·       The aim is to aid man’s sensible decisions.

Expected product of liberal education

·       His body is the ready servant of his will.

·       The product is expected to be rational.

·       They must be intellectually curious.

 

Implications to a teacher

·       Teach all subjects under the sun that constitute knowledge without much of detail

·       Children are unique individuals

·       Children are rational creatures

·       Children are free to express their feelings, opinions and beliefs

·       Developing in pupils both deductive and inductive reasoning

Summary

·       Curriculum of liberal education is very wide and there is no specialisation

·       There is emphasis on toleration of different fades 

·       Quest for knowledge must not be subordinated political or any other expediency

·       Knowledge, learning and personal development are goods themselves

·       The highest purpose of education is to produce a good man not good tradesman or citizens

 

Critics

·        The philosophy  has no clear belief on nature destined man 

·       Sound too much of utopia

·       Liberal beliefs lead to attitudes of shunning manual labour as it encourages attitudes of the social elite.

·       “Making all education truly liberal never succeeded even with the privileged groups of Greeks or the English of the 19^th century.”(Elvin 1977:56).

Question 2

How far can he stretch the idea that a man can be educated for sake of knowledge not for financial aid?

TOPIC: CONCEPTS OF EDUCATION

According to Socrates and Plato perfect education should focus on good reasoning, and perfect thought.

Forms that Socrates referred to are intangible things

Education enables a person to acquire a skill e.g. the skill of thought.

Skills that students may develop

·       Skill of thinking

·       Listening

·       Interpreting

·       Translation

·       Problem solving

-       According to Dewey education is experience and social reform. Teach by experience

Schools of thought

·       Idealism (thought behind existence) if children are not taught ideas then they are not educated

·       Realist  (can teach using reality)

·       Pragmatism (education trough socialising)

·       Existentialism (give meaning according to individual experience) you must appreciate an individual as he is

-       Education must provide for all classes of the social structure.

-       Sometimes education means to breed i.e. grooming.

Key concepts in education

1.     Teaching

2.     learning

-       Teaching is explaining everything, making it clear to a learner.

-       Learning is the gaining of knew knowledge/ skills. It is also advancing existing knowledge/ perfecting a skill or adapting a certain stimuli.

Educational forms

-       Alternative knowledge is self-learning (home schooling).

-       Indigenous education- traditional education it includes formal and non-formal education.

-       (E-learning)  self- directed learning

-       Formal learning

-       Special education (especially for students with disabilities).

NB The teacher should choose teaching media/activities wisely. Use diverse methods to teach because learning methods are diverse.

Summary

Education is the transmission of knowledge, formation of character, and development of the skill to solve problems. 

TOPIC: ISSUES IN EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY.

EQUALITY AND JUSTICE.

EQUALITY

DEFINITION

·       It means the same in status, rights and responsibilities for all members of a given group, community, society, country, nation or an empire.

·       Plato considered the ends of the justice to be best served recognising and exploiting human beings inequalities.

·       Aristotle remarked that injustice arises as much as from treating the unequal’s equal as from treating the equals unequal.

·       The Christian view holds that all human beings are equal in the sight of God, this is called ontological equality.

·       Nietzsche took a contrary view stating that the promotion of equality led to mediocrity and to the discouragement of effort and excellence.

THE CONCEPT OF EQUALITY.

That all men are equal is clearly not true.

Every single person as an individual; natural differences such as height, colour, sex and weight, strength, intelligence apply (physiological differences).

There are also social differences, rank, religion, citizenship and power.

Human beings in the descriptive sense are not equal.

EQUALITY OF TREATMENT.

There is prescriptive/moral sense of equality e.g. all human beings are equal because we belong to the same human race and have the same needs.

Human beings have the equal rights e.g. education, rights to housing, water, food, to vote, material benefits, health, salaries and wages.

John Locke thought that all human beings are all equal in certain natural rights e.g. water to drink.

EQUALITY AND EDUCATION.

The universal declaration of human rights by the U.N says all human beings should be provided with free education.

This is because an illiterate population does not make an efficient work and labour force nor a productive or a resourceful one.

EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITIES

The idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige and power is not true because the rules of life maybe the same but may not apply to everyone.

INEQAUALTIES IN EDUCATION

·       Colonial education was not fair, it discriminated against Africans.

·       Education according to age, aptitude and ability.

·       Private schools.

·       Former A schools

·       Poor western schools

·       Rural and farm schools

·       Teacher student ratio

·       Teacher qualifications

·       Educational infrastructure and facilities.

·       Low incomes and high incomes

·       Teaching and learning stationery.

·       Social background, haves and have not’s.

TOPIC: ISSUES IN EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY CONTINUED

AUTHORITY AND FREEDOM

DEFINITION OF AUTHORITY

·       The word authority is derived from the Latin word auctoritas

·       It can also be used to mean power given by the state or an institution

ACADEMIC DEFINITION

·       Academic definition of authority means knowledge of an area, someone can be an authority on a subject

·       Authority is the capacity, innate or acquired for exercising ascendancy over a group

·       Authority is not a capacity but a relationship, it is power that is sanctioned and institutionalized

·       Possession of power and the right to influence others (Agamben, 2005; Barker 1994; Bloom 2010).

·       Max Weber identified three types of authority

RATIONAL-LEGAL AUTHORITY/MYSTIC OF OFFICE

·       It is that form of power or authority which depends for its legitimacy on formal rules and established laws which are usually written down and often are complex e.g. a school

TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY

·       Which derives from long established customs, habits and social structures e.g. in Africa it is believed maturity comes with knowledge

CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY

·       It is believed to be from the gift of grace, or when the leader claims that his authority is derived from a higher power God or spiritual inspiration

·       They claim that this authority is superior to the other authorities

·       In authority sometimes superiors feel that they have the right to issue commands that subordinates perceive an obligation to obey.

There is also an aspect of leadership in authority that leadership comes through persuasion or influence.

There is also coercion i.e. the use of force and power.

EDUCATION AND CONTROL

There are three reasons why education is intimately connected with control

1.     Formal education as an institutionalised system needs organized management to ensure its smooth and efficient functioning

2.     There are definite rules and precepts intrinsic to both learning and forms of discipline/knowledge

3.     The school represents the society in microcosm reflects its rules governed by nature

Effective control in education centres round authority, discipline and punishment.

AUTHORITY AND THE TEACHERS ROLE

·       There is no doubt that the teacher is in a position of authority because the teacher has been placed there by whoever has the power to make such appointments

·       Teachers are authorized to make sure children learn 

·       In order to teach the teacher should possess a good deal of knowledge or expertise in a particular discipline to be taught

FREEDOM AND EDUCATION

·       People who do freedom and education are (Hannah, 1993; Young,1993; Sandel, 2010; and Acton,1907)

DEFINITION OF FREEDOM

·       Freedom is the ability to choose and to carry out that choice

·       Complete social freedom does not exist and it is self-contradictory

·       There is no complete freedom in the classroom

·       Aristotle has a solution and it’s called the Aristotle golden rule, he says freedom is to be limited and restrained if it is to be effective.

·       For Plato and Socrates freedomis to do with one’s duty to use reason rather than desire because desire controls and bonds the individual

·       Desire is used whenever wrong things are done

·       Freedom is following authority

·       The nobility of doing what is wanted is morally good

·       People in general choose what is correct they only choose what is not correct because of ignorance.

EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF FREEDOM

·       Education militates against freedom since education is an initiation into a people’s culture there is no room of freedom

·       Students have got freedom to choose e.g. students choose careers.

·       Teachers also have the choice of selecting teaching approaches, methods and classroom activities

·       There is academic freedom in education that freedom is freedom of thinking but schools are only free if their society is free

·       Freedom for school children e.g. students choose which sports to do

Freedom for parents to choose which school to send their children and to choose teachers

TOPIC: DISCIPLINE AND PUNISHMENT

DEFINITION

DISCIPLINE

The term is derived from the Latin word ‘disco’ which means learn.

It is derived from the word ‘disciple’ meaning follower, not just a follower in the sense of following a leader or blindly but following because one has chosen to follow and sees benefits or reasons, logic, necessity,  to follow in agreement to certain principles, rules, morals or beliefs.

 The word discipline refers to the conscious and willing acceptance of and submission to, a code of framework of rules and regulations designed to order, manage, conduct and control a system e.g. knowledge, method of thinking or form of behaviour

Discipline is a self-driven state of mind which begins by being externally imposed and ends up being internalised as voluntary self-control.

 

 

FIVE MAJOR AREAS WHERE DISCIPLINE CAN BE SEEN TO OPERATE.

1.     Discipline of knowledge within a particular subject area, rules of grammar e.g. English or the rule of reading or moral rules or rule of teaching arithmetic.

2.     Discipline of method e.g. rules of procedure in scientific inquiry and investigation.

3.     The discipline of thinking e.g. the rules of logic and academic thinking.

4.     Discipline of personality, rules of balance integration, the discipline of personality, mental health and maturity

5.     Discipline of behaviour governed by social institutions.

JUSTIFICATION OF DISCIPLINE IN EDUCATION

In education there is need to establish authority in order to develop in pupils self-control and discipline

Discipline is part and parcel of education including moral development and it is necessary in education for effective teaching and learning

PRINCIPLES OF DISCIPLINE

Discipline gives students a feeling of security by showing them that they may not or do something

Discipline helps develop in children a conscious which will guide decision making and behavioural control

Discipline involves trying to get students to see the point of order and following whatever is being ordered.

TYPES OF DISCIPLINE

POSITIVE (SELF-IMPOSED)

Conforming to rules because the individual feels or thinks it is desirable

NEGATIVE (EXTERNAL-IMPOSED)

This results in adoption of instrumental attitudes because of a reward attached or its bribery in nature.

PUNISHMENT

Action taken by someone in authority when there is a breach of rule(s)

It involves the intentional infliction of pain or something unpleasant on someone who committed such a breach of rules

It can be seen as a method adopted by human beings in normative groups to uphold the law and order of their system or society and to restore it when it breaks down.

TYPES OF PUNISHMENT

1.     PUNITIVE/RETRIBUTIVE

It is the eye for an eye approach or the Old Testament approach

Authoritarian and physical in nature

2.     REFORMATIVE/ UTILITARIAN

They consider punishment as always bad and must not be allowed despite the outcomes.

Their approach to punishment is avoidance of unwanted behaviour

THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT.

1.     THE THEORY OF RETRIBUTION

It is morally just that an offender should be made to suffer punishment for their sins.

2.     THEORY OF PREVENTION

Punishment in this case is believed will prevent others and the offender himself from repeating the crime.

3.     THEORY OF PROTECTION

Society has a moral right to demand its protection

4.     THEORY OF RESTITUTION

Punishment is seen as a kind of compensation or reparation for wrong done.

PUNISHMENT AND EDUCATION

There is less emphasis on punishment in schools today

There are arguments against punishment in schools which are based on human rights

ARGUMENTS FOR PUNISHMENT IN SCHOOLS

1.     There are good reasons why students must be punished, this is because a school is there to produce an intellect not a tout and also because society is made of rules and regulations.

2.     Society has rules and regulations and these ought to be imposed and the school also has rules and regulations.

3.     Little can take place in a school where there is chaos.

Control is essential in learning and teaching and punishment is a sure and effective way of achieving that control.